Detection of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria in shared fomites, waste water and municipal solid wastes disposed near residential areas of a Nigerian city
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Studies investigating environmental hotspots of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Nigeria are limited. This study was designed to assess various environmental sources and commonly touched surfaces as potential carriers of ARB and ARGs with implications for public health. A total of 392 samples, including sewage (36), sludge (36), diapers (20), plastics (20), water sachet polythene bags (20), food wastes (20), soil beneath dump sites (20), and frequently touched surfaces such as restroom floors (80), corridors (24), door handles (56), and room floors and walls (60), were collected and screened for the presence of resistant bacteria carrying genes such as bla KPC , bla NDM-1 , bla CMY-2 , bla IMP , bla OXA66 and MecA . Additionally, we employed standard techniques to detect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii . We also evaluated the effectiveness of routine disinfection procedures in eliminating ARB from restroom floors. Our findings revealed that sewage, sludge, diapers, food wastes and restroom floors are frequently contaminated with highly and moderately resistant strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and MRSA. Notably, we identified two variants of the bla OXA51-like gene ( bla OXA-66 and bla OXA-180 ) in A. baumannii isolated from these environmental sources. Furthermore, we detected seven ESBL- K. pneumoniae , five ESBL- A. baumannii , two ESBL- E. coli and one ESBL- P. aeruginosa , all carrying one or more ARGs ( bla KPC , bla NDM-1 , bla CMY-2 ), in isolates recovered from sewage, sludge, restroom floors and plastics. It is of note that ARB persisted on restroom floors even after disinfection procedures. In conclusion, this study highlights that environmental wastes indiscriminately discarded in residential areas and shared surfaces among individuals are heavily colonized by ARB carrying ARGs of significant public health importance.
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The work presented is clear and the arguments well formed. This study would be a valuable contribution to the existing literature. This is a study that would be of interest to the field and community.
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This is a study that would be of interest to the field and community. The reviewers have highlighted major concerns with the work presented. Please ensure that you address their comments. Please include more rigour criteria and resources in your methods section, as highlighted by the SciScore reports. Including RRIDs and negative statements to explain why things were not performed should increase the rigour and reproducibility of your work. You can find tips on how to improve your article here: https://sciscore.com/reports/Core-Report.php Please provide more detail in the Methods section and ensure that software is consistently cited and its version and parameters included.
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Comments to Author
The article entitled " Detection of clinically relevant antibiotic resistant bacteria in shared fomites, waste water, and municipal solid wastes disposed in vicinity of residential areas of Nigerian Urban City" is interesting and certainly deserves further recognition. Overall, the manuscript is succinct, well written, and structured. but There are several major shortcomings: * Although the study design seems sound, the type of the study and the sample size issue has to be clarified. * The authors selected 5 bacteria to screen for them (S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and E. coli). Ignoring other common antibiotic resistant one e.g. Enterococcus, Enterobacter…….. * It seems to be more interesting if screening was done for ESKAPE pathogens and it will be a more …
Comments to Author
The article entitled " Detection of clinically relevant antibiotic resistant bacteria in shared fomites, waste water, and municipal solid wastes disposed in vicinity of residential areas of Nigerian Urban City" is interesting and certainly deserves further recognition. Overall, the manuscript is succinct, well written, and structured. but There are several major shortcomings: * Although the study design seems sound, the type of the study and the sample size issue has to be clarified. * The authors selected 5 bacteria to screen for them (S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and E. coli). Ignoring other common antibiotic resistant one e.g. Enterococcus, Enterobacter…….. * It seems to be more interesting if screening was done for ESKAPE pathogens and it will be a more contextualized methods. * There are insufficient details of the used methods e.g. laboratory procedures followed are not clarified specially: methods for isolation and identification of selected bacteria ; antibiotic susceptibility testing. * The work is fundamentally sound. But there may be a bias in some results regarding Efficacy of floor disinfection process routinely used in reducing burden of selected bacteria as there are many ignored factors as type of disinfectant used, concentration and contact time. * I strongly advise the author to rewrite the methodology section to produce a more contextualized and scientific manuscript. * The English needs attention throughout the manuscript.
Please rate the manuscript for methodological rigour
Good
Please rate the quality of the presentation and structure of the manuscript
Good
To what extent are the conclusions supported by the data?
Partially support
Do you have any concerns of possible image manipulation, plagiarism or any other unethical practices?
No
Is there a potential financial or other conflict of interest between yourself and the author(s)?
No
If this manuscript involves human and/or animal work, have the subjects been treated in an ethical manner and the authors complied with the appropriate guidelines?
Yes
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Comments to Author
This manuscript addresses an important point that is the spread of resistant bacteria. I just have some comments. How the identification of the bacterial isolates to the species level was made? Data analysis by using SPSS mentioned in the methods are not represented in the results. Did the Authors design the primers ? If not so they have to add the reference to table 1. the cycle conditions of the PCR are better to be added to the references. In table 1 the names of the primers should be written in italics. In the results: It is not clear how was the % beside each number calculated, so it is better add the total number (100%) in the last column or the last row Table 3: All abbreviations mentioned in the table should be written just below the table so the reader won't go back to the text to find it.
Comments to Author
This manuscript addresses an important point that is the spread of resistant bacteria. I just have some comments. How the identification of the bacterial isolates to the species level was made? Data analysis by using SPSS mentioned in the methods are not represented in the results. Did the Authors design the primers ? If not so they have to add the reference to table 1. the cycle conditions of the PCR are better to be added to the references. In table 1 the names of the primers should be written in italics. In the results: It is not clear how was the % beside each number calculated, so it is better add the total number (100%) in the last column or the last row Table 3: All abbreviations mentioned in the table should be written just below the table so the reader won't go back to the text to find it. Minor comments: Line 33: methicillin resistant not resistance. line 76: references are to be moved to the end of the sentence.
Please rate the manuscript for methodological rigour
Good
Please rate the quality of the presentation and structure of the manuscript
Good
To what extent are the conclusions supported by the data?
Strongly support
Do you have any concerns of possible image manipulation, plagiarism or any other unethical practices?
No
Is there a potential financial or other conflict of interest between yourself and the author(s)?
No
If this manuscript involves human and/or animal work, have the subjects been treated in an ethical manner and the authors complied with the appropriate guidelines?
Yes
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