Insights into the salivary N-glycome of Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis

During Leishmania transmission sand flies inoculate parasites and saliva into the skin of vertebrates. Saliva has anti-haemostatic and anti-inflammatory activities that evolved to facilitate bloodfeeding, but also modulate the host’s immune responses. Sand fly salivary proteins have been extensively studied, but the nature and biological roles of protein-linked glycans remain overlooked. Here, we characterised the profile of N -glycans from the salivary glycoproteins of Lutzomyia longipalpis , vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. In silico predictions suggest half of Lu. longipalpis salivary proteins may be N -glycosylated. SDS-PAGE coupled to LC–MS analysis of sand fly saliva, before and after enzymatic deglycosylation, revealed several candidate glycoproteins. To determine the diversity of N -glycan structures in sand fly saliva, enzymatically released sugars were fluorescently tagged and analysed by HPLC, combined with highly sensitive LC–MS/MS, MALDI-TOF–MS, and exoglycosidase treatments. We found that the N -glycan composition of Lu. longipalpis saliva mostly consists of oligomannose sugars, with Man ₅ GlcNAc ₂ being the most abundant, and a few hybrid-type species. Interestingly, some glycans appear modified with a group of 144 Da, whose identity has yet to be confirmed. Our work presents the first detailed structural analysis of sand fly salivary glycans.