Platform for isolation and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 variants enables rapid characterization of Omicron in Australia

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Abstract

Genetically distinct variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Over this period, we developed a rapid platform (R-20) for viral isolation and characterization using primary remnant diagnostic swabs. This, combined with quarantine testing and genomics surveillance, enabled the rapid isolation and characterization of all major SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in Australia in 2021. Our platform facilitated viral variant isolation, rapid resolution of variant fitness using nasopharyngeal swabs and ranking of evasion of neutralizing antibodies. In late 2021, variant of concern Omicron (B1.1.529) emerged. Using our platform, we detected and characterized SARS-CoV-2 VOC Omicron. We show that Omicron effectively evades neutralization antibodies and has a different entry route that is TMPRSS2-independent. Our low-cost platform is available to all and can detect all variants of SARS-CoV-2 studied so far, with the main limitation being that our platform still requires appropriate biocontainment.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2021.12.14.21267772: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    EthicsConsent: All human serum samples were obtained with written informed consent from the participants (2020/ETH00964; 2020/ETH02068).
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    RandomizationThe parameters of a logistic function representing the (log10) normalised neutralisation titre parameters σ = 0.46 (representing the spread of neutralisation titres in vaccinated individuals), x50 = log10 0.20 and k = 3.1 were estimated previously by fitting vaccine efficacy data from randomised control trials across 7 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines4.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    Other immunoglobulin products: For monoclonal antibodies, DNA sequences encoding the variable domain sequences of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies sotrovimab, casirivimab, imdevimab, bamlanivimab, cilgavimab and tixagevimab were generated by gene synthesis, cloned into human IgG1 expression vectors, and produced in CHO cells 7.
    CHO
    suggested: CLS Cat# 603479/p746_CHO, RRID:CVCL_0213)
    Cell culture: Hek293T cells stably expressing human ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were generated by lentiviral transductions as previously described 10.
    Hek293T
    suggested: None
    HAT-24 cells and VeroE6-TMPRSS2 (CellBank Australia, JCRB1819) were cultured in DMEM-10%FBS and VeroE6 cells (ATCC® CRL-1586™) in MEM-10%FBS.
    HAT-24
    suggested: None
    VeroE6
    suggested: None
    The supernatant was cleared by centrifugation (2000 xg for 5 minutes), frozen at -80 °C (passage 2), then thawed and titrated to determine median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) on VeroE6 or VeroE6-TMPRSS2 cells according to the Spearman-Karber method 14.
    VeroE6-TMPRSS2
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains
    SentencesResources
    For the latter Omicron was expanded only in the VeroE6 line, as lower titers were observed when expanding virus using the VeroE6-TMPRSS2 line.
    VeroE6-TMPRSS2
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    The Adapting to Pandemic Threats (ADAPT) cohort is composed of RT-PCR–confirmed convalescent individuals (incl. some subsequently vaccinated) recruited in Australia since 2020 10.
    ADAPT
    suggested: (ADAPT, RRID:SCR_006769)
    Data was normalised to generate sigmoidal dose-response curves (average counts for mock-infected controls = 100%, and average counts for highest viral concentration = 0%) and median lethal dose (LD50) values were obtained with GraphPad Prism software.
    GraphPad Prism
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: Thank you for sharing your data.


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We found bar graphs of continuous data. We recommend replacing bar graphs with more informative graphics, as many different datasets can lead to the same bar graph. The actual data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics. For more information, please see Weissgerber et al (2015).


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


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