The development of Nanosota-1 as anti-SARS-CoV-2 nanobody drug candidates

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Abstract

Combating the COVID-19 pandemic requires potent and low-cost therapeutics. We identified a series of single-domain antibodies (i.e., nanobody), Nanosota-1 , from a camelid nanobody phage display library. Structural data showed that Nanosota-1 bound to the oft-hidden receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, blocking viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The lead drug candidate possessing an Fc tag ( Nanosota-1C-Fc ) bound to SARS-CoV-2 RBD ~3000 times more tightly than ACE2 did and inhibited SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus ~160 times more efficiently than ACE2 did. Administered at a single dose, Nanosota-1C-Fc demonstrated preventive and therapeutic efficacy against live SARS-CoV-2 infection in both hamster and mouse models. Unlike conventional antibodies, Nanosota-1C-Fc was produced at high yields in bacteria and had exceptional thermostability. Pharmacokinetic analysis of Nanosota-1C-F c documented an excellent in vivo stability and a high tissue bioavailability. As effective and inexpensive drug candidates, Nanosota-1 may contribute to the battle against COVID-19.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.11.17.386532: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board StatementIACUC: All of the animals were handled according to approved institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) protocols of the University of Texas Medical Branch (protocol number 2007072) and of the University of Minnesota (protocol number 2009-38426A).
    RandomizationFour groups of hamsters (n=6 each randomly assigned) were treated with Nanosota-1C-Fc via intraperitoneal injection at one of the following time points and dosages: (1) 24 hours pre-challenge at 20 mg/kg body weight of hamsters; (2) 4 hours post-challenge at 20 mg/kg body weight of hamsters; (3) 4 hours post-challenge at 10 mg/kg body weight of hamsters.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power AnalysisAt a sample size of 6 animals per group, G*Power analysis indicates that we can detect an effect size of 1.6 with a power of .80 (alpha = .
    Sex as a biological variableHalf-life of Nanosota-1 drugs in mice: Male C57BL/6 mice (3 to 4 weeks old) (Envigo) were intravenously injected (tail-vein) with Nanosota-1C or Nanosota-1C-Fc (100 µg in 100 µl PBS buffer).
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Briefly, ELISA plates were coated with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 RBD-His or RBD-Fc, and were then incubated sequentially with nanobody drugs, HRP-conjugated anti-llama antibody (1:5,000) (Sigma) or HRP-conjugated anti-human-Fc antibody (1:5,000) (Jackson ImmunoResearch).
    RBD-Fc
    suggested: None
    anti-llama
    suggested: None
    anti-human-Fc
    suggested: None
    The samples were then subjected to SDS-PAGE and analyzed through Western blot using an anti-His antibody.
    anti-His
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    Cell lines, plasmids and virus: HEK293T cells (American Type Culture Collection) were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Life Technologies). ss320 E. coli (
    HEK293T
    suggested: None
    Vero E6 cells (American Type Culture Collection) were grown in Eagle’s minimal essential medium (EMEM) supplemented with penicillin (100 units/ml), streptomycin (100 µg/ml), and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS).
    Vero E6
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_XD71)
    Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains
    SentencesResources
    Half-life of Nanosota-1 drugs in mice: Male C57BL/6 mice (3 to 4 weeks old) (Envigo) were intravenously injected (tail-vein) with Nanosota-1C or Nanosota-1C-Fc (100 µg in 100 µl PBS buffer).
    C57BL/6
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    At a sample size of 6 animals per group, G*Power analysis indicates that we can detect an effect size of 1.6 with a power of .80 (alpha = .
    G*Power
    suggested: (G*Power, RRID:SCR_013726)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We found bar graphs of continuous data. We recommend replacing bar graphs with more informative graphics, as many different datasets can lead to the same bar graph. The actual data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics. For more information, please see Weissgerber et al (2015).


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • No conflict of interest statement was detected. If there are no conflicts, we encourage authors to explicit state so.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.