Quantifying heritability in functional regions of the coding and non-coding genome across diverse individuals

Most heritability studies have focused on common genetic variation and have largely excluded non-European or highly admixed populations. Here, we estimated the whole-genome heritability (h ² _WGS ) of seven complex traits using 73,600,953 autosomal and chromosome X variants for 198,931 unrelated individuals from three genetic similarity groups. Adjusting for population stratification, we showed that rare variants (minor allele frequency<0.01) explain 30.6-67.7% of h ² _WGS . We used simulations to show how functionally-stratified heritability can be inflated due to linkage with missing or lower-quality variants. Finally, after accounting for confounding effects, we found substantial heritability enrichment from variants in non-coding RNA exons (maximum fold enrichment, FE=8.7, P =3.56e-7), UTRs (23.0, P =3.46e-30), distal regulatory regions (33.8, P =3.26e-42), and protein-coding exons (58.0, P =7.78e-15). Our study provides a framework for investigating the genetic architecture of complex human phenotypes using diverse whole-genome sequencing data and highlights the contribution of rare and non-coding genetic variants to the heritability of complex traits.