An adjuvant for in vivo CAR-T therapy potentiation against solid tumors

In vivo CAR-T therapy offers rapid and controllable T-cell engineering but has yet to achieve durable efficacy against solid tumors. Rather than focusing solely on CAR-T cells, we harness the intact immune system via an in vivo CAR-T adjuvant (iCTA). Composed of aluminum– manganese hydrogel, iCTA can form a spatially confined antigenic and immunostimulatory niche in-situ . By coupling controlled antigen exposure with STING-type I interferon signaling, iCTA not only recruited and reactivated CAR-T cells, but engage the CAR-negative immunocytes with enhanced dendritic-cell antigen presentation and mobilized endogenous antigen-specific T-cell responses. Combined with mRNA-LNP-mediated in vivo CAR-T generation, a single administration of iCTA increased CAR⁺ T-cell abundance in draining lymph nodes and blood by 2-fold. It also increased T and NK cell infiltration, established an IFNγ-enriched tumor microenvironment, and reduced exhaustion-associated T-cell states. iCTA improved tumor regression and survival, establishing an adjuvant strategy to enhance in vivo CAR-T therapy.