Wildfire smoke leaves a large five-year imprint on mortality in the United States

Wildfire smoke poses a growing health risk worldwide, yet the magnitude and temporal evolution of mortality after episodic exposure remain poorly resolved, limiting burden assessment. Using monthly county-level wildfire PM _2.5 and mortality data from the United State, we exploit episodic exposure contrasts to deconvolve overlapping mortality responses and recover the impulse-response function. The excess mortality response peaks approximately three years after an exposure pulse and subsides by five years. We estimate 1.7 (95% uncertainty interval: 1.1–2.3) million smoke-associated deaths during 2011–2023, approximately ten times estimates using long-term ambient PM _2.5 mortality relative risks. Circulatory and respiratory diseases contribute comparably and dominate this burden. Responses are markedly greater among adults ≥65 years; during the COVID-19 pandemic, population-wide cumulative responses are significantly higher over at least the first seven months after exposure. Reducing wildfire smoke exposure can thus yield substantial health benefits over multiple years, particularly when population vulnerability is heightened.