Short-term BDD treatment of wastewater effluent reveals dissolved oxygen turnover and microbial community restructuring

Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) are increasingly investigated for tertiary wastewater treatment, yet their short-term effects on real wastewater effluent remain poorly constrained. This study investigated real wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent following short-term boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrochemical treatment using an interdigitated double-diamond electrode (iDDE), combined with hydrochemical, stable-isotope and shotgun metagenomic analyses. After 10 min at 7.0 V and 1.02 A, physicochemical parameters and bulk carbon pools remained largely unchanged. In contrast, δ ¹⁸ O-DO decreased by 31.3 ±0.28‰ alongside a small increase in dissolved oxygen (0.16 ±0.03 mmol/L), indicating substantial oxygen consistent with electrochemical oxygen generation. Shotgun metagenomics revealed pronounced restructuring of the recovered microbial DNA pool, including increases in Comamonadaceae (∼12.3% vs. ∼25.1%) and Zoogloeaceae (∼3.3% vs.∼8.4%), whereas the oxidative-stress-defence gene repertoire showed no coherent response. These taxonomic changes cannot be interpreted as selective survival as metagenomics do not resolve viability or intra-/extracellular DNA contribution. Overall, short-term iDDE treatment affected the microbial component of real WWTP effluent despite comparatively limited changes in bulk chemistry, highlighting that EAOP effects extend beyond conventional disinfection.