A streamlined proof of concept CRISPR-based environmental biosurveillance platform for the detection of closely related invasive rats

Environmental biosurveillance requires technologies that can rapidly translate genomic information into sensitive, specific, and deployable detection tools. Here, we present the first proof-of-concept application of SENTINEL (Smart Environmental Nucleic-acid Tracking using Inference from Neural-networks for Early-warning Localization), integrating artificial-intelligence-guided target discovery, isothermal amplification, CRISPR-based detection, and environmental DNA. Using Rattus exulans, R. norvegicus, and R. rattus as a challenging model of closely related invasive vertebrates, SENTINEL achieved species-specific discrimination without detectable cross-reactivity and sensitivities of 10 aM for plasmid DNA and 10 fg µL ^⁻¹ for genomic DNA. Selected assays also showed reproducible semi-quantitative performance and successful eDNA validation. This first application of CRISPR-based environmental biosurveillance to terrestrial invasive vertebrates demonstrates a transferable framework for converting sequence data into field-deployable assays, with potential applications across biosecurity, conservation, agriculture, and environmental monitoring.