YieldLearn: An interpretable machine-learning pipeline for estimating yield-related traits based on physiological indicators

Efficient yield prediction under field conditions remains a key challenge for crop breeders and agronomists. YieldLearn is an interpretable machine-learning pipeline developed to estimate yield-related traits in durum wheat ( Triticum durum ) using physiological indicators measured by the Hansatech Instruments Pocket PEA. The workflow integrates fluorescence parameters (Area, Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm, PI Inst.) with field-measured agronomic traits (Booting, Height, Maturity, Lodging, Yield kg/plot, and Adjusted Yield kg/ha). Five supervised learning algorithms multinomial logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine (radial kernel), k-nearest neighbors, and decision tree were evaluated using five-fold cross-validation. Models achieved average classification accuracy around 0.57 with AUC values exceeding 0.58. SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) visualizations revealed that high Fv/Fm and PI Inst. values were positively associated with yield potential, whereas elevated Fo indicated stress-induced yield reduction. An interactive Shiny App enables real-time prediction and feature-importance exploration. Given the small sample size (165 plots) and absence of environmental covariates such as temperature or soil moisture, YieldLearn should be regarded as a reproducible exploratory framework rather than a production-ready predictor. Nonetheless, it offers a valuable foundation for guiding experimental design, validating physiological indicators, and supporting the next generation of scalable, interpretable crop-yield models.