Patient-derived monoclonal anti-HPA-1a can induce platelet activation through FcγRIIa

Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a pregnancy-associated disorder caused by maternal alloantibodies targeting paternally inherited human platelet antigens (HPAs). These antibodies traverse the placenta and bind to fetal platelets, causing thrombocytopenia and potentially severe complications including intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Beyond platelets, antibodies may also target other fetal cells such as endothelial cells and placental trophoblasts thereby exacerbating disease severity. Anti-HPA-1a antibodies, the primary cause of FNAIT, display functional heterogeneity due to differences in epitope specificity, glycosylation, which complicate disease severity prediction. Here, we report the structural and functional characterization of two novel anti-HPA-1a antibodies, D-204 and M-204, derived from a mother with a severe FNAIT case. In comparison to D-204 and other existing anti-HPA-1a antibodies such as B2G1 and 26.4, M-204 bound αIIbβ3 with different kinetics, reaching only half-maximal binding, as determined by flow cytometry. Notably, only M-204 induced platelet aggregation. To investigate the underlying mechanism behind this aggregation, various antibody formats were generated (Fab, Fab2, bispecific, and IgG-Fc dead). Aggregation required both Fab-arms to engage HPA-1a and intact binding to FcγRIIa. Structural models and crystal structures suggest the dual engagement of both Fab-arms is required for FcγRIIA-engagement which is a unique feature of M-204 among known HPA-1 monoclonals. Our findings highlight the functional diversity of anti-HPA-1a antibodies and provide new insights into their pathogenic mechanisms.