Neoadjuvant chemotherapy induces transient, regimen-specific immune–stromal reprogramming in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
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Background
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is increasingly incorporated into the management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), yet how treatment regimen and timing reshape the tumour-immune microenvironment remains poorly defined.
Methods
Targeted immune transcriptomic profiling was performed using NanoString on spatially annotated tumour, stromal, and immune-enriched regions from resected PDAC specimens from 23 patients, including NAC-treated and treatment-naïve cohorts. Key findings were validated and spatially localised using Xenium in situ transcriptomics.
Results
NAC induced extensive transcriptional remodelling of the tumour microenvironment in a regimen- and time-dependent manner. Tumours resected shortly after FOLFIRINOX exhibited coordinated upregulation and strong spatial coupling of the CXCL12–CXCR4 axis. These correlations were attenuated or reversed at longer post-treatment intervals and following gemcitabine-based therapy. Disrupted stromal coordination of the CCL2–CCR2 axis further highlighted context-dependent effects of chemotherapy on chemokine signalling. Across regions, NT5E (CD73) expression inversely correlated with CD8A , consistent with spatially restricted T cell exclusion.
Conclusions
NAC dynamically reprograms the immune–stromal landscape of PDAC in a regimen- and timing-dependent manner, revealing a transient post-chemotherapy window of immune remodelling. The clinical significance of this phenomenon requires further investigation to determine whether temporally optimised integration of immunomodulatory and stroma-targeted therapies with NAC can improve patient outcomes.
