An N-terminal ATTR Fibril Segment Promotes Transthyretin Amyloid Nucleation and Polymorphism

ATTR amyloidosis is caused by transthyretin (TTR) amyloid deposition, yet the sequence-encoded events linking TTR misfolding to fibril nucleation and structural polymorphism remain incompletely defined. Here, we exploit the modular organization of patient-derived TTR fibrils to investigate two components of the pathological core: an N-terminal β-hairpin spanning residues 11–35 (N-TTR) and a larger C-terminal fragment spanning residues 57–123 (C-TTR). Both fragments independently form β-rich amyloid fibrils, as demonstrated by electron microscopy, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Yet, their activities differ markedly. N-TTR fibrils promote full-length TTR aggregation and seed in an engineered cellular biosensor platform established to detect templated TTR assembly, whereas C-TTR aggregates show no detectable templating activity. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals two N-TTR polymorphs that preserve structural features of disease-derived folds, while energetic profiling identifies N-TTR as a stabilizing hotspot within ex vivo structures, providing a basis for this templating functionality. These findings reveal a functional hierarchy among amyloidogenic segments of TTR, since distinct regions form fibrils independently, but only those with structural compatibility efficiently template the parent protein. N-TTR therefore represents an autonomous amyloidogenic segment that links local sequence propensity to TTR nucleation, templating, and fibril polymorphism.