Combination of enhanced gene activation and cell death causes lethal inflammatory pulmonary fibrosis

The current paradigm of inflammatory disease etiology is that it is caused by an aberrant increase in either gene activation or cell death. Studying the linear ubiquitin (linUb) chain assembly complex (LUBAC) was instrumental in proving that immune-receptor-dependent cell death can cause inflammatory disease. As LUBAC regulates both, gene activation and cell death, it can, however, also serve to evaluate the inflammatory-disease-initiating role of gene activation. Investigating mice with two different gene-activation-enhancing point mutations in LUBAC components showed that aberrantly increased gene activation in Hoil-1 ^C458A/C458A mice did not cause pathology. In contrast, in Hoip ^N101A/N101A mice it led to untoward cell death which, unexpectedly, was required for pathological inflammation, culminating in lethal lung fibrosis resembling human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Hence, we here uncover a new etiology of inflammation, whereby aberrantly enhanced gene activation can be root cause of pathological, fibrogenic inflammation, yet intriguingly via inducing untoward cell death.