Acetylcholine drives astrocytic JAK2-STAT3 signaling to modulate male-to-female approach behavior

Astrocytes are essential regulators of neural circuits and behavior, sensing synaptic activity and modulating plasticity through diverse intracellular mechanisms. However, the contribution of astrocyte transcription factor-based cascades, linking external stimuli to long-term transcriptional programs, is currently misunderstood. Here we show that the JAK2-STAT3 signaling plays a critical role in male-to-female social behavior. Hence, in male mice, exposure to estrus females rapidly and selectively induces STAT3 signaling in ventral hippocampal astrocytes. Surprisingly, this induction is not driven through canonical cytokine signaling but by septo-hippocampal cholinergic inputs acting through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR). Astrocytic α7nAChR-JAK2-STAT3 signaling in turn modulates vCA1 pyramidal neuron activity and is required for context-appropriate male approach behavior. These findings reveal a previously unsuspected cellular pathway integrating neuromodulatory inputs and transcription factor-based signaling to shape male behavioral response depending on female receptivity.