Wastewater Surveillance of Oncogenic Viruses: A Baseline Assessment in Southeast Queensland, Australia

Wastewater surveillance (WS) offers a non-invasive means of tracking population-level circulation of infectious agents, including viruses linked to cancer. This study provides the first Australian assessment of oncogenic viruses in municipal wastewater by screening 76 influent samples collected over four months from six wastewater treatment plants in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Ten gene targets representing seven oncogenic viruses— Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), human papillomavirus 16 and 18 (HPV-16 and 18), human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)—were analysed using PCR-based methods. All viruses were detected in wastewater at least once, though with substantial variation in frequency. MCPyV was the most frequently detected virus, appearing in 97.3% of samples with concentrations ranging from 3.09-3.85 log₁₀ gene copies (GC)/50 mL, indicating widespread population exposure. HBV (26.3%) and EBV (15.8%) were detected intermittently across multiple catchments, while HPV-16/18, HHV-8, HTLV-1, and HCV were detected at the lowest frequencies (<8%). This study reports the first baseline dataset for oncogenic viruses in Australian wastewater. More broadly, positive detection of all targeted oncogenic viruses—including those associated with low-prevalence infections—in wastewater demonstrates the potential of WS to complement existing cancer surveillance systems in tracking community-level circulation of these infectious agents.