OsPATROL1 overexpression accelerates stomatal opening to enhance photosynthetic induction and growth under fluctuating light in rice

Slow stomatal opening after increases in irradiance constrains carbon gain under fluctuating light, yet stomatal kinetics remain an underexplored target for crop improvement. Here, we investigated Oryza sativa PROTON ATPASE TRANSLOCATION CONTROL 1 ( OsPATROL1) , which encodes a Munc13-like protein implicated in stomatal regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana . OsPATROL1 overexpression had modest, condition-dependent effects on steady-state gas exchange and did not alter stomatal morphology or biochemical traits. In contrast, it consistently accelerated stomatal opening and photosynthetic induction, reducing the stomatal conductance time constant during induction by 41–43%. During 12 h of simulated natural fluctuating light, OsPATROL1 -overexpressing plants maintained higher stomatal conductance and net CO₂ assimilation rate, increasing cumulative assimilation by 8–12% while maintaining their intrinsic water-use efficiency ( iWUE). Under artificial fluctuating light, overexpression alleviated growth reductions relative to steady light. Under glasshouse conditions, total biomass increased by 34–44%, accompanied by greater tiller number, root biomass, bleeding sap rate, and leaf nitrogen content. Taken together, these results indicate that OsPATROL1 overexpression accelerates stomatal opening, enhances photosynthetic induction and daytime carbon gain without compromising iWUE , and is associated with greater growth.