Effects of spectral light quality on growth, photosynthetic pigments and bioactive compounds in Brassicaceae microgreens

LED spectral composition is an important tool for improving the growth and nutritional quality of microgreens cultivated in controlled environments. This study evaluated the effects of three LED light treatments on growth, morphology, pigments, primary metabolites, phenolic composition, and antioxidant capacity in arugula ( Eruca sativa ), mustard ( Brassica juncea ), and radish ( Raphanus sativus ) microgreens. Microgreens were cultivated under controlled environmental conditions and exposed to broad-spectrum white (W), blue-enriched white (WB), and red-enriched white (R) light at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 200 micromol/m2/s. Light quality did not affect yield in any species. However, R increased cotyledon area in arugula by 50 to 60% and promoted hypocotyl elongation in both arugula and radish, whereas W resulted in the longest hypocotyls in mustard. Photosynthetic pigment composition responded differently among species. In mustard, WB increased the chlorophyll a/b ratio (1.12 to 1.18), whereas lutein concentration decreased from 7.06 to 4.20 mg 100 g/FW. Primary metabolism also responded to light treatments in a species-dependent manner. In mustard, W increased glucose (0.43 vs. 0.26 and 0.29 g 100 g/ FW) and fructose (0.33 vs. 0.20 and 0.22 g 100 g/ FW) concentrations compared with WB and R. Organic acid composition was more responsive to light treatments in radish, with higher concentrations under R. Phenolic metabolism also responded in a species-dependent manner. In mustard, W increased total phenolic content to 0.25 mg GAE g/FW compared with 0.15 mg GAE g/FW under WB and R, and ABTS antioxidant capacity to 1.17 mg TE g/FW compared with 0.74 and 0.75 mg TE g/FW under WB and R, respectively. Individual phenolic compounds were also affected by light treatments, particularly in arugula and mustard. These findings demonstrate that the effects of LED spectral composition on microgreen quality are highly species-dependent. Therefore, LED light spectra should be optimized according to the target species and the desired quality attributes rather than applying a single lighting strategy to all Brassicaceae microgreens.