Bioengineering of Pea ( Pisum sativum ) for the Expression of Myoglobin, a Heme-containing Animal Protein

Myoglobin, an oxygen-binding animal protein, was engineered in Pisum sativum (pea) to explore its potential as a food ingredient and balance the amino acid profile. In this study, minimal expression cassettes and binary vectors were used to express bovine myoglobin using particle gun and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, respectively. Successful integration and expression of the myoglobin gene was achieved in P. sativum, with both methods yielding similar transformation efficiencies (∼1%). Expression analysis of T2 seeds revealed that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation-derived transgenic lines that expressed myoglobin under the regulation of a Soybean 7S seed-specific promoter and Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) translation enhancer and a chimeric Rb7MAR Terminator (Ps-BpRG13 events) consistently yielded the highest level of expression (0.32–1.57% of TSP), while transgenic lines with myoglobin expression under the regulation of a Soybean Phaseolin promoter and Rb7MAR Terminator (Ps-BpRG14 events) resulted in moderate levels of heterologous protein expression (0.13–0.83% TSP). Transgenic events with constitutive 2xCaMV35S promoter, TEV translation enhancer and Rb7MAR terminator (Ps-BpRG15 events) exhibited the lowest level of myoglobin expression (0.09–0.14% TSP). Co-bombardment of two minimal expression cassettes – one with myoglobin under the regulation of the Phaseolin promoter and Rb7MAR Terminator and the other with the nptII selectable marker under the regulation of a 2X constitutive CaMV35S promoter, TEV translational enhancer and TNOS Terminator, yielded lines that exhibited variable expression (0.03–0.77% TSP), with some events comparable in expression to Agrobacterium-derived Ps-pRG14 events. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of producing a heme-containing animal protein, myoglobin, in peas, with potential implications for sustainable production of food ingredients and nutritionally fortified and value-added plant products using molecular farming.