Both environmental filtering and intraspecific variation shape small mammals’ elementomes

The biogeochemical niche hypothesis (BNH) proposes the multi-elemental composition of organisms — their elementome — as a new ecological dimension. However, which ecological factors shape elementome assembly remains little known, especially in animals. Here, we studied the mandibular elementome of two sympatric small mammals — Apodemus flavicollis and Clethrionomys glareolus — to assess how intraspecific variability (ontogenetic changes in body mass and sex under the vertebrate bone hypothesis; VBH) and environmental filtering (season and habitat) shape essential and non-essential elementome assembly. Species showed moderate elementome segregation and seasonal niche partitioning, with implications for coexistence. Ontogenetic body mass predicted elemental variation and calcium substitution, with several hypermetric scalings in autumn indicating strong departures from mass-invariant homeostasis. Finally, our results suggest a dichotomy: essential elementomes were mainly driven by intraspecific variation, whereas non-essential elementomes were rather shaped by environmental filtering. Our results position animal elementomes as an integrative ecological dimension linking organismal biology, species interactions, and environmental filtering across individuals, populations, and species.