Genomic Architecture of Migraine: A Multi-ancestry GWAS Meta-analysis of 2.5 Million Participants

Migraine is a leading cause of disability ¹ , yet preventive treatment remains largely empirical despite the availability of several mechanistically distinct therapies ² . Genetic data can clarify mechanisms and therapeutic hypotheses when association signals are integrated with molecular and clinical data ³ . We meta-analyzed migraine GWAS data from 12 European ancestry cohorts (206,893 cases and 2,093,175 controls) and four African ancestry cohorts (22,115 cases and 178,626 controls). We identified 311 lead variants in European-ancestry analyses and 316 lead variants in trans-ancestry analysis. Fine-mapping and transcriptome-wide analyses prioritized variants and genes implicated in sensory neuronal signaling, vascular tone, and immune regulation, with convergent evidence at several established loci including TRPM8 and PHACTR1 ⁴ . Drug-repurposing analyses identified therapeutic targets and compounds, including established migraine treatments and candidates requiring experimental validation. Genetic correlations, Mendelian randomization, and a phenome-wide scan linked migraine liability to psychiatric, pain, and gastrointestinal phenotypes. Together, these findings expand the known genetic architecture of migraine across ancestries and provide a genetics-led map connecting association signals with biological pathways, multimorbidity and candidate therapeutic mechanisms, providing a foundation for future functional and translational studies.