High culturable diversity and climate-associated seasonal dynamics of Saccharomycotina yeasts in subtropical forest leaf litter

Forest-associated Saccharomycotina occur at low relative abundance, limiting inference about their diversity and dynamics. We sampled leaf litter weekly for 47 weeks across a subtropical forest in northern Taiwan. Enrichment, isolation and ITS sequencing recovered 687 isolates, including 613 Saccharomycotina representing 56 described species and 77 putatively novel operational taxonomic units. Rarefaction indicated unsampled culturable diversity. Among litter traps, community dissimilarity was high and dominated by taxon replacement, but neither topography nor geographic distance was associated with composition, and turnover matched randomised expectations. Richness peaked during warm, wet periods and declined in winter, and minimum temperature showed the strongest statistical association. Composition was associated with maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, precipitation and solar radiation. Selected isolates’ thermal optima covaried with collection-week temperatures, and two October Magnusiomyces magnusii isolates had higher optima than four winter isolates. Together, these findings reveal substantial culturable diversity and seasonal community restructuring consistent with temperature-related filtering.