Interventional Rescue Therapy for Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: a 10-Year Single-Center Experience
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Background
Evidence regarding delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remains sparse. We aimed to identify its predictors and occurrence and evaluate its role in ischemic stroke and functional outcome under treatment with interventional rescue therapy (IRT).
Methods
This retrospective single-center study included 628 adults with aSAH from 2014– 2023. The primary endpoint was occurrence of refractory DCI (= refractory despite induced hypertension) treated with at least one IRT. Multivariable models evaluated refractory DCI, new ischemic stroke, and poor functional outcome (mRS 3–6) at 6–12 months.
Results
Among 628 included patients, 61 who died within 3 days were excluded from DCI analysis; 166/567 (29%) developed refractory DCI. Younger age (OR = 0.98; P <0.001), female sex (OR = 0.57; P =0.007), and higher WFNS grade (OR = 1.18; P =0.011) were independently associated with refractory DCI. Earlier first IRT was associated with longer DCI duration (IRR = 0.88; P <0.001) and more required IRTs (IRR = 0.91; P <0.001). IRT was performed later than day 14 in 29/166 patients (17.5%); none was older than 70 years. Refractory DCI was associated with new ischemic stroke (OR = 4.68; P <0.001) and poor functional outcome (OR = 2.37; P <0.001); earlier first IRT was associated with poor outcome within the refractory DCI subgroup (OR = 0.86; P =0.03). Outcomes after 1–2 IRTs did not differ from those without refractory DCI ( P =0.4), whereas ≥3 IRTs were associated with poor outcome ( P =0.04).
Conclusions
Refractory DCI affected 29% of aSAH patients, predominantly younger women and patients with poorer initial neurological status, and extended beyond day 14 in nearly 20% of affected patients, none of whom was older than 70 years. Refractory DCI and earlier onset were associated with poorer radiological and functional outcomes. The absence of a detected outcome difference after 1–2 IRTs suggests that favorable outcomes may remain achievable despite refractory DCI.
