Interaction between the Chemical Exposome and Epigenome in Follicular Fluid from Patients Undergoing Assisted Reproduction

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can target ovaries and interfere with key milestones of reproduction. Previously, we found that mixtures of the chemical exposome measured in follicular fluid (FF) were cumulatively associated with lower oocyte yield. Because ovaries age faster than many other organs, our current aim was to evaluate associations of FF chemical mixtures with epigenetic age acceleration and epigenetic pathways in FF cells. FF was collected during oocyte retrieval from 76 patients undergoing assisted reproduction in Atlanta. The exposome was measured using untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry with gas (GC) and liquid (LC) chromatography. Weighted quantile sum (WQS _RS ) indices were constructed for three mixtures of chemicals in association with oocyte yield, separated by instrument configuration (GC, LC-HILIC, LC-C ₁₈ ). DNA methylation was measured from the cellular component of FF using Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip, with age acceleration based on the GrimAge clock. Regression and pathway enrichment analyses elucidated relationships between chemical exposures or mixture indices and epigenetic markers, adjusted for age and technical covariates. All three chemical mixture indices were associated with epigenetic age acceleration in FF ( p <0.05). For example, a standard-deviation increase in the GC-detected mixture was associated with 0.23 standard-deviations higher accelerated aging (95% CI: 0.0058–0.45; p =0.048). Twenty-seven frequently detected chemicals, including benzo[a]pyrene, plasticizers, flame retardants, forever chemicals, and pesticides, were associated with epigenetic pathways related to ovarian follicle growth and hormone signaling ( p <0.05; six under false discovery rate<5%). In summary, environmental chemicals may accumulate in ovaries, contribute to accelerated epigenetic aging of ovarian somatic cells, and potentially affect follicle development.