A novel CT _max assay reveals divergent thermal acclimation capacity across three ecologically distinct sea urchins

Global change is driving rapid ocean warming, exposing organisms to both chronic temperature increases and acute marine heatwaves. Understanding how species cope with thermal stress is critical for predicting ecosystem resilience. Echinoderms are globally distributed and often function as foundational species, yet comparative assessments of upper thermal tolerance among species occupying contrasting thermal environments remain limited. Here, we address this gap by comparing upper thermal tolerance across three sea urchins with distinct biogeographic distributions: the latitudinally broad purple sea urchin ( Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ), the circumpolar green sea urchin ( S. droebachiensis ), and the tropical variegated sea urchin ( Lytechinus variegatus ). We quantified thermal limits after two acclimation treatments: ambient temperatures approximating native habitat conditions for each species and an elevated temperature (+6 °C). We developed a novel assay to measure critical thermal maximum (CT _max ), comparing variability and inconsistencies associated among multiple assays. Upper thermal tolerance increased with acclimation to elevated temperatures in all three species, but acclimatory capacity differed markedly, with S. droebachiensis showing the strongest response and S. purpuratus the weakest. Conversely, S. purpuratus had the highest thermal safety margin and thus the lowest proximity to its thermal ceiling. Our adhesion based CT _max method was more reproducible and the most precise compared to other metrics tested, providing an improved framework for quantifying physiological thermal limits of sea urchins. Together, these findings reveal substantial but unevenly distributed thermal resilience in ecologically diverse sea urchins, advancing our understanding of how foundational marine species may respond to future global change.