Modelling brain stimulation in cerebral palsy: electric field insights from paediatric tDCS

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is increasingly used as an adjunct to rehabilitation for young people with cerebral palsy (CP), yet considerable variability exists in clinical response. Individualised electric field modelling provides an opportunity to estimate the distribution of electrical fields generated by the stimulation delivered to the brain and explore potential relationships with functional outcomes. Methods: Structural MRI scans from nineteen participants (10-16 years) from a previously published randomised controlled trial ( ISRCTN74235136 ) investigating the effects of tDCS combined with motor training, underwent participant-specific finite element modelling using SimNIBS. Electric field strength was quantified within anatomically defined motor regions of interest, including the primary motor cortex (M1), dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), supplementary motor area (SMA), and a combined motor network. Global grey matter electric field metrics and stimulation focality were also extracted. Results: Estimated electric field strength differed significantly across motor regions (p<0.001), with PMd receiving significantly greater stimulation than both M1 and SMA. Electric field strength within a control region (primary visual cortex) was significantly lower than within M1 (p<0.001). Despite inter-individual variability in regional and global electric field metrics, no significant associations were observed between estimated electric field strength or focality and changes in function following intervention. Conclusion: Individualised electric field modelling demonstrated that an M1-targeted tDCS montage preferentially stimulated PMd rather than M1 in young people with CP. These findings highlight the importance of subject-specific modelling when characterising current distribution and suggest that variability in electric field strength alone does not explain variability in behavioural response.