Genome-wide association study of grain iron and zinc concentrations in a diverse CIMMYT wheat panel across contrasting moisture environments

Micronutrient deficiencies remain a major public-health challenge, and genetic improvement of grain iron and zinc concentrations in wheat offers a sustainable biofortification strategy. We evaluated 563 CIMMYT advanced wheat lines and six checks under restricted irrigation (two irrigations) and well-watered conditions (five irrigations) at Ciudad Obregón, Mexico. Grain iron and zinc concentrations were quantified by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Best linear unbiased estimates were calculated, and genome-wide association analyses were conducted using 8,687 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms and a multi-locus mixed model that accounted for population structure. Five marker-trait associations were detected in at least two datasets. For grain zinc concentration, S3B_811421507 was detected under both irrigation regimes and in the combined analysis, whereas S3B_814372642 was detected under well-watered conditions and in the combined analysis. For grain iron concentration, S2B_73321328 and S4B_20679079 were associated with variation under restricted irrigation and in the combined analysis, while S2B_72162723 was detected under well-watered conditions and in the combined analysis. Individual loci explained 0.34% to 3.36% of phenotypic variance, consistent with the quantitative inheritance of grain micronutrient concentration. The identified alleles provide candidate targets for validation and marker-assisted biofortification breeding, while their environment-dependent effects emphasize the need to evaluate micronutrient traits across contrasting moisture conditions.