A Polarized Histamine-GABA Core-Rim Architecture within Synaptic Vesicles
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Neuroscience traditionally assumes that amino acid transmitters occupy clear synaptic vesicles, whereas monoamines reside in dense-core vesicles. Using a glutaraldehyde–NaBH₄ epitope-engineering platform enabling ultrastructural detection of small amines, we identify a polarized histamine–GABA vesicular organization within conventional GABAergic vesicles. Quantitative electron microscopy demonstrates histamine condensed into a dense intraluminal core, while complementary GABA immunolabeling supports the localization of GABA toward the vesicle periphery, consistent with a membrane-proximal rim. This conserved architecture across central, autonomic, and endocrine GABAergic systems provides a structural framework for temporally differentiated inhibitory signaling, challenges the clear-versus-dense-core vesicle paradigm, and establishes a unified principle for dual-transmitter architecture.
One-sentence summary
Using glutaraldehyde-NaBH4-based ultrastructural analysis, we identified a novel “core histamine–rim GABA” vesicular architecture within GABAergic neurons, fundamentally redefining traditional models of dual-transmitter co-packaging and release dynamics.
