A 12-year retrospective analysis of cancer epidemiology at a major oncology center in Erbil, Iraq

Long-term data describing cancer patterns in Iraq remain generally limited. This retrospective observational study was conducted to evaluate the distribution and longitudinal patterns of malignant solid tumors diagnosed over a period of 12 years (2014–2025) at a major tertiary oncology center in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Demographic characteristics, cancer types, and temporal trend changes in cancer distribution were analyzed. Comparisons were made between the first (2014–2019) and second (2020–2025) halves of the study period. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the temporal trends. After excluding records with incomplete data, 11,704 patients were included. Breast cancer was the most frequently diagnosed malignancy, accounting for over one-quarter of all cases, followed by lung, colorectal, prostate, and bladder cancers, in descending order. Women represented the majority of patients, and the mean age at diagnosis increased significantly over time. In general, the relative distribution of colorectal, genitourinary, pancreatic, uterine, and thyroid cancers increased during the study period, whereas breast and lung cancers showed a modest but significant proportional decline despite remaining the most common malignancies. A marked reduction in case numbers was observed in 2020, followed by progressive recovery in subsequent years. To conclude, cancer patterns in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq changed substantially during the 12-year study period, with increasing proportions of colorectal and several other malignancies alongside an older age at diagnosis. These findings likely reflect a combination of demographic changes, evolving lifestyle-related risk factors, and improvements in cancer detection and referral. The results provide contemporary evidence to support regional cancer control strategies, screening programs, resource allocation, and future epidemiological research.