Nautilus shell morphomics reveals microstructural heterogeneity alongside structural continuity across component boundaries

The nautilus ( Nautilus sp.) is an early-branching cephalopods. It retains several conchiferan synapomorphies, including an external planispiral biomineralized shell. The shell’s complex structure allows it to withstand hydrostatic pressure, control buoyancy, and protect against external hazards. In this study, we comprehensively examined shell microstructures across different shell components and regions representing various ontogenetic stages in two adult museum shell specimens. We found that the nautilus shell is composed of five microstructural types (spherulitic, prismatic, nacreous, semi-prismatic, and irregularly oriented prismatic structures) organized into layered architectures within individual shell components and coordinated across the shell as an integrated system. Our observations highlight transitions between distinct microstructures within and across shell components and local variation within individual components such as the dorsal and ventral shell walls, suggesting that these patterns may contribute to shell strength and overall mechanical performance. Variation in caecum morphology suggests that this structure may be developmentally plastic and subject to relatively relaxed structural constraints. These findings show that the Nautilus shell is an integrated biomineral system in which diverse microstructures are organized across shell components to meet functional demands and provide the mechanical strength needed for survival.