Evidence of residual Brugia malayi infection in TAS-III cleared areas of coastal Odisha: Findings from Molecular Xenomonitoring
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Background
Lymphatic filariasis (LF), caused by Wuchereria (W) bancrofti , Brugia malayi and Brugia (B) timori , remains a major public health problem known for its disfiguring and debilitating effects despite notable progress under the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). Following recent national directives (2024) restructuring implementation units (IUs) to the block level, all TAS-cleared blocks now require re-evaluation using night blood surveys (NBS) or filarial test strip (FTS) kits. Molecular Xenomonitoring (MX) is recommended as a post-validation surveillance method for detecting active LF transmission in vectors. Therefore, an exploratory study was conducted in two coastal districts of Odisha, namely Jagatsinghpur and Puri, which cleared TAS-III, to investigate the presence of B. malayi and W. bancrofti infections in filaria-transmitting vectors.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Adult female mosquitoes were collected from three villages across Jagatsinghpur and Puri districts during March–April 2025. Species were identified morphologically, segregated and pooled. The pooled samples were screened for the presence of filarial DNA using species-specific PCR assays. Of 1,518 collected adult female mosquitoes, 22.6% were Culex quinquefasciatus , 18.3% were Mansonia (Mn) annulifera , and 4.3% were Mansonia uniformis . Among 33 pools screened, six pools were positive for B. malayi DNA (18.18% pool positivity; infection rate 2.88%, 95% CI: 1.23–5.74), in Mn. annulifera , whereas W. bancrofti was not detected.
Conclusions/Significance
The study provides the first molecular confirmation of B. malayi infection in Mn. annulifera, indicating a persistent Brugian transmission in Odisha even after the implementation of mass drug administration. The Study highlights MX as a sensitive, non-invasive surveillance tool for detecting residual infection in post-MDA and post-TAS settings. The study underscores the need for a standardized MX protocol and integration with entomological monitoring to sustain national LF elimination targets by 2027.
Author Summary
Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne disease that can cause severe, disfiguring swelling of the limbs and other lasting disabilities, and it remains a serious public health problem in India. National programmes in India are actively working to eliminate it by giving preventive medicines to communities, conducting surveys to confirm that transmission has ceased, and once an area passes, this treatment is withdrawn. However, it is not always clear whether the parasite has truly disappeared or is still lingering at very low levels. In this study, we searched for the parasite directly inside mosquitoes, an approach that does not require collecting blood from people. We sampled mosquitoes from two coastal districts of Odisha, India, that had already passed the required surveys and stopped treatment. We found the parasite Brugia malayi in Mansonia mosquitoes, the first time this has been shown using this molecular method in the region, although the more common filarial parasite was not detected. Our findings show that transmission can smoulder on even after an area is judged free of disease. Because India has no available rapid field test for this particular parasite, we argue that examining mosquitoes should become a routine safeguard for the country’s elimination effort.
