Lab on a Capillary: Instrument-Free Compartmentalization Using Photopatterned Hydrogel Rings Embedded inside a Glass Capillary for Amplified Bioassays

Sensitive and low-cost protein biomarker detection is critical for disease diagnosis. Advanced microfluidic systems can generate miniature reaction compartments for a high-sensitivity assay. However, these platforms often require external instruments, skilled operators, and complex setups. Here, we develop a Lab on a Capillary (LabCap) platform that integrates photopatterned hydrogel rings within a glass capillary using a reconfigurable stop-flow lithography system. During sample loading and unloading steps, nanoliter-scale aqueous droplets (torodrops) are spontaneously formed around the hydrogel rings, creating isolated reaction compartments without the need for external instruments or an immiscible oil phase. The LabCap platform enables quantitative detection of clinically relevant biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). By adjusting the incubation protocol, assay speed and sensitivity can be tuned to meet different analytical requirements. A periodic medium exchange protocol enables biomarker detection at concentrations as low as 1 ng/mL, whereas prolonged static incubation extends detection to 0.1 ng/mL. In addition, LabCap offers practical advantages, including low fabrication cost (<€1 per device), low reagent consumption (<100 μL per assay step), and minimal wash-buffer usage (1 mL). These results demonstrate that LabCap is a simple, cost-effective, and versatile platform for biomarker detection.