It takes two: A Widespread Temperate Bacteriophage Contributes to Regulation of the Type III Secretion System in Pseudomonas syringae
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The Pseudomonas syringae species complex includes major crop pathogens that use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject effectors into plant cells, suppressing immunity and promoting disease.
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The cherry canker pathogen Pseudomonas amygdali pv. morsprunorum (Pam) carries the effector gene hopAR1 on a prophage, PamPP1, which belongs to a novel Caudoviricetes family widespread across the P. syringae complex and likely acquired before pathovar divergence.
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Deletion of PamPP1 shows that this prophage enhances Pam virulence independently of hopAR1, instead it alters the T3SS operon expression both in vitro and in planta .
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These prophage-driven transcriptional changes likely reshape Pam’s interaction with plant immunity, highlighting how bacteriophages rewire bacterial transcriptomes and contribute to the evolution and emergence of plant diseases.
