Hoxb5+ fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells establish lifelong hematopoiesis and exhibit enhanced ITGA4-dependent engraftment

Adult long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) are classically defined by self-renewal, multilineage regenerative capacity, and relative quiescence, but how and when lifelong LT-HSCs are established during development remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Hoxb5 ⁺ fetal liver HSCs exhibit bona fide LT-HSC activity, including long-term multilineage reconstitution and serial transplantation capacity, whereas Hoxb5 ⁻ fetal liver HSCs display limited regenerative potential. Embryonic lineage tracing further demonstrates that E14.5 Hoxb5 -expressing hematopoietic cells contribute broadly to adult hematopoiesis, including the adult HSC compartment, and give rise to functional adult LT-HSCs. Across developmental stages, single-cell transcriptional profiling revealed that fetal Hoxb5 ⁺ HSCs remain highly proliferative while maintaining canonical LT-HSC transcriptional programs and superior repopulating activity relative to predominantly quiescent adult Hoxb5 ⁺ HSCs. Fetal Hoxb5 ⁺ HSCs also exhibited elevated ITGA4-mediated adhesion programs, and disruption of the ITGA4–VCAM1 axis impaired engraftment following transplantation. Together, these findings establish a developmental continuum linking fetal and adult LT-HSCs and identify enhanced ITGA4-mediated adhesion as a defining feature of fetal LT-HSCs.