Programmable acoustic single cell manipulation with model-free machine learning

Precise, non-invasive manipulation of individual living cells remains a central challenge in biomedical science, with far-reaching implications for single-cell analysis, tissue engineering, and the study of cell–cell interactions. Here, we report the first demonstration of single-cell control using bulk acoustic standing-wave acoustofluidics with closed-loop feedback. We introduce VeLO ( Ve ctor-based L ocal O ptimization), a model-free, reinforcement learning–inspired algorithm that enables programmable two-dimensional manipulation of individual cells using a single piezoelectric transducer. Without prior calibration or physical modeling, VeLO learns system dynamics online from acoustically induced cell displacements and automatically adapts to nonlinear, time-varying conditions. We achieve robust control across multiple cell types (DU-145, Jurkat, K-562) and independent manipulation of multiple cells, including controlled cell–cell contact. By combining simplicity of hardware with autonomous, adaptive control, this approach establishes multimodal acoustofluidics as a versatile tool for label-free, high-precision single-cell manipulation.