Tyrosine hydroxylase–mediated neuroimmune crosstalk regulates antitumor immunity in glioblastoma during oncolytic herpes virotherapy

Neuroimmune crosstalk is increasingly recognized as a key regulator of tumor progression and therapeutic response, yet its role in central nervous system (CNS) tumors remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)–mediated neuronal signaling in glioblastoma (GBM) and its impact on antitumor immunity and response to oncolytic virotherapy (OV). We show that TH⁺ cells are widely distributed within the GBM microenvironment, including neurons, astrocytes, and immune cells, and are enriched at the tumor margin. In addition, TH⁺ cells are present in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of GBM, where they localize near lymphatic vessels and are associated with lymphangiogenesis. Notably, a subset of CD3⁺TH⁺ T cells is detected within lymphatic structures of TDLNs, suggesting immune-intrinsic catecholamine signaling. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that noradrenergic signaling, particularly via β2-adrenergic receptors (ADRB2), predominates in tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and is dynamically regulated by therapy. Intratumoral administration of oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) upregulates ADRB2 expression in macrophages, whereas systemic chemo-immunotherapy induces distinct receptor modulation patterns in tumors and TDLNs. Functionally, pharmacologic β-adrenergic blockade significantly enhances the efficacy of oHSV therapy in orthotopic GBM and subcutaneous melanoma models, resulting in reduced tumor growth, increased tumor cell death, and enhanced CD8⁺ T cell infiltration. Similarly, direct inhibition of TH enzymatic activity suppresses tumor progression and further potentiates OV. Mechanistically, TH inhibition not only promotes tumor-infiltrated cytotoxic immune cells CD8, NK and γδ T cells, but also suppresses the activity of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, including transcriptional (Fos), and metabolism (Arg) modification in M2 macrophages and other immune cells. Collectively, these findings identify TH-mediated neuroimmune signaling as a critical regulator of tumor immunity in GBM and demonstrate that targeting catecholaminergic pathways or downstream neuroimmune crosstalk pathways can enhance the efficacy of OV. This study provides a rationale for integrating neural modulation into immunotherapeutic strategies for CNS malignancies.