Molecular determinants of Hrp1–RNA recognition underlying yeast RNA Polymerase II transcription attenuation

Premature termination of transcription (PTT), also known as attenuation, is a conserved gene regulatory mechanism that operates across all domains of life and in viruses. Attenuation enables rapid cellular responses to environmental and metabolic changes and fine-tunes expression of biosynthetic genes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , attenuation of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) transcription was first linked to the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 (NNS) termination pathway for non-coding RNAs, and the mRNA 3’-end processing factor Hrp1 has been implicated more recently. Substitutions in Hrp1 RNA Recognition Motifs (RRMs) cause attenuator readthrough and reduce RNA-binding affinity in vitro , but direct evidence for Hrp1 functioning at attenuators in vivo remains limited. Here, we characterized 5’-end RNA terminator elements from several genes, including RAD3 , SNG1 , MNR2 , and CPR8 . Readthrough mutations clustered in AU-rich regions resembling polyadenylation site (pA) efficiency elements, consistent with Hrp1 binding targets. Amino acid substitutions of Hrp1 RRM residue F162 revealed a general requirement for aromaticity in RNA recognition that varied to some degree by gene context. To test Hrp1-RNA interactions independent of other yeast factors, we adapted a bacterial 3-hybrid (B3H) assay. Hrp1 interacted with RNA derived from the GAL7 3’-end pA site and 5’-end terminator regions of RAD3 , MNR2 , and CPR8 . Mutations in AU-rich RNA regions that disrupted Pol II attenuation in yeast generally impaired B3H interactions. However, some Hrp1 mutants (M191T, I270T, D271G, M275V, T280I) retained binding to CPR8 terminator RNA, suggesting their defects require additional yeast components. These results demonstrate that Hrp1 is sufficient to bind multiple UA-rich attenuator RNAs in vivo , expanding Hrp1 function to include early transcription events.