Functionally dark genes and the transcriptomic landscape of sporulation in a model mushroom-forming fungus

Spores are the primary means of fungal reproduction, contributing to genetic diversity, colonization, and adaptation. Although spore formation is a pivotal part of the fungal life cycle, its genetic underpinnings remain poorly known. In this study, we characterize transcriptomic changes from late meiosis to early basidiospore formation in the mushroom-forming fungus Coprinopsis cinerea , decipher several cellular processes, and identify novel genes involved in this process. We identify distinct trajectories of gene expression, each of which display different functional signals, corresponding to meiotic and morphogenetic processes and transitions between these. Our analyses identify diverse arrays of fungal cell wall modifying carbohydrate-active enzymes, ferritins, a putative catechol-melanin synthesis pathway, as well as components of the mitotic/meiotic apparatus. We present twelve highly conserved genes with roles specific to sexual sporulation in both budding yeast and C. cinerea , indicating deep conservation of the gene networks driving sexual spore formation. Reverse genetics identified three conserved but functionally poorly characterized genes conferring sporeless and spore-poor phenotypes that result from postmeiotic developmental arrests stemming from spore inflation and nuclear migration problems. Overall, this study provides novel insight into basidiomycete spore formation and highlights the cornucopia of novel functions encoded by functionally dark genes.