Architecture of a portal complex embedded in the poxvirus core

Gene transcription within the viral core is a unique feature of poxvirus replication. Following entry into the cytoplasm, the poxvirus core dissociates from the lateral bodies and undergoes expansion, functioning as a compartment for early transcription. However, the mechanisms governing molecular exchange between the viral core and the host cytoplasm remain poorly understood. Here, we determine the structures of the portal complex and its pore on the poxvirus core at 7.1 Å and 4.9 Å resolution, respectively, using cryo-electron tomography and sub-tomogram averaging. The pore is assembled from three viral proteins, E8, E6, and L3, for which we constructed an atomic model. Structural and channel analyses reveal that the pore satisfies the geometric and electrostatic requirements for the transport of RNA and smaller negatively charged molecules, while excluding double-stranded DNA and cytosolic DNA sensors. Together, our findings establish a structural framework for understanding the assembly and function of the poxvirus portal complex and identify potential targets for antiviral intervention.