A parsimonious murburn model for microbial motility connects metabolic water ejection to observable mechanical outcomes

The classical model of bacterial flagellar motility posits a rotary engine driven by proton motive force (pmf), with torque generated by stator–rotor interactions and transmitted through a flexible hook to a helical filament. Despite decades of acceptance, this model faces fundamental challenges in thermodynamics, structural mechanics, evolutionary parsimony, and direct observational evidence. We develop and quantitatively test the murburn model, a new paradigm for bacterial motility in which water, produced as an inevitable byproduct of metabolic redox activity, is ejected via the basal secretory module and channelled along the spiral grooves of the flagellar filament. The ejected flow creates a local shear field that induces a transverse bending wave; the precession of this wave is observed as apparent rotation and generates thrust through anisotropic viscous drag, without any rotary motor, ion gradient, or axial rotation. The principal contribution of this work is a self-contained, first-principles treatment of this mechanism: for a unipolar flagellated cell we derive the governing low-Reynolds-number elastohydrodynamic relations from slender-body theory and show that physiologically realistic rates of metabolic water production reproduce the observed swimming speeds and apparent-rotation frequencies at a small fraction of the cellular energy budget, while direct jet propulsion is quantitatively excluded. Building on this derivation, we provide a force-balance comparison of the competing propulsion mechanisms, obtain a set of falsifiable predictions that distinguish the murburn model from the rotary motor, and report a structural analysis of cryo-EM flagellar-hook architectures that reveals solvent-accessible radial canals consistent with lateral water transport. The same single principle accounts for swimming, tumbling, gliding, spirochete undulation, and archaeal motility, without requiring rotating shafts, ion-gradient coupling, or complex switching mechanisms.