Memory stabilizes complex ecological systems but delays full restoration

Memory effects—defined as the capacity of system states to exert long-lasting influence on subsequent dynamics—are widely recognized as central features of complex living systems. In ecological systems, however, their consequences for stability and recovery dynamics remain poorly understood. To fill this gap, we develop a general theoretical framework that incorporates memory into the dynamics of species-rich ecological systems with complex interaction structures. Our analyses reveal that memory effects expand the stability domain, enabling systems that would otherwise be unstable to persist following perturbations, particularly in cases where instability involves oscillatory behavior. At the same time, memory can accelerate short-term recovery, allowing systems to return more rapidly toward equilibrium in the early stages after perturbation. These apparent benefits, however, come at a cost: memory effects markedly slow long-term recovery, thereby delaying full restoration, as memory retains the influence of past perturbations and hinders a full return to equilibrium. We further support these results by integrating empirical data into the framework. Together, these results reveal fundamental trade-offs mediated by memory—enhanced stability and faster short-term recovery at the expense of delayed full restoration—highlighting the dual role of memory in shaping resilience in complex ecological systems and, more broadly, complex living systems.