Distinct Brain Systems Support Afferent and Efferent Autonomic Activity

Numerous studies have reported brain correlates of autonomic activity. However, ambiguity exists regarding whether those correlates reflect receiving or sending out autonomic signals. Additionally, little is known about how emotion and aging interact with brain-autonomic coordination. Based on time-varying heart rate variability (HRV) and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) data (N = 104 younger; N = 51 older adults), we found insular and cingulate activity was negatively correlated with HRV during emotion regulation. We further examined the afferent and efferent nature of HRV-BOLD correlations during rest (N = 102 younger; N = 51 older adults). Functionally afferent regions where decreases in HRV were associated with subsequently increased BOLD activity included the posterior insula, postcentral gyrus and frontal pole. Functionally efferent regions where increased activity was associated with subsequently increased HRV included the anterior insula and cingulate. Information appeared to flow in one direction as the afferent regions’ activity Granger-predicted the efferent regions’ activity. Together, our findings suggest a feedback loop where decreased HRV increases the afferent regions’ activity, which activates the efferent regions, leading to increased HRV. Aging seems to affect this system; the efferent and afferent regions scarcely overlapped for younger adults, but did overlap for older adults.