Osmotic-stress-inducible nuclear condensates restrict gene inducibility

Plants, as sessile organisms, have developed various mechanisms to respond to environmental stress conditions. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is necessary for the plant to adapt to osmotic stress conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms preceding ABA accumulation remain largely unknown. To isolate transcriptional complexes on the promoter region of NINE-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3 ( NCED3 ) encoding a rate-limiting enzyme in the ABA biosynthetic pathway in planta , we developed the insertional chromatin immunoprecipitation (iChIP) screen method. The identified ALBA proteins formed condensates through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in response to osmotic stress conditions. ALBA4 directly binds to stress-inducible genes, including NCED3 , and suppresses their stress inducibility. Our results demonstrate how plants respond to osmotic stress at early timepoints before ABA biosynthesis through condensate formation as osmo-sensors.