Stigmatizing Language Detection in Opioid Use Disorder Patient-Directed Discharge Clinical Documentation: A Privacy-Preserving Analysis Using a Locally Deployed Large Language Model
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Objective
Stigmatizing language in the electronic health record (EHR) has been associated with adverse patient experience in substance use disorder care, including opioid use disorder (OUD). This study evaluated a privacy-preserving, locally-deployed large language model as a method to detect stigmatizing language documentation in OUD patients with patient-directed discharge (PDD).
Methods
A retrospective cohort study of 477 inpatient admissions from the MIMIC-IV database with a diagnosis of opioid use disorder were classified using a locally deployed Gemma-4-31b-it-bf16 model and predefined 140 term lexicon to identify stigmatizing language in clinical documentation.
Results
Analysis of clinical documentation showed stigmatizing language was present in 84.1% (190/226) in the PDD cohort vs 62.2% (156/251) in the non-PDD cohort, with an unadjusted odds ratio of 3.21 (95% CI 2.07–4.98; p < 0.0001). After adjustment for age, sex, insurance status, marital status, and race, PDD discharge remained an independent predictor of stigmatizing documentation (aOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.40–3.59; p < 0.0001). Further analysis of stigma intensity showed higher stigmatizing markers in the PDD cohort vs the non-PDD cohort (2.85 ± 2.39 vs 2.02 ± 2.44; p < 0.0001).
Discussion and Conclusion
Stigmatizing language is detected with increased frequency and prevalence in clinical documentation of OUD patients that initiate PDD compared to those that adhere to standard discharge processes. A locally deployed large language model (LLM) offers a scalable, privacy-preserving method to audit clinical documentation for stigmatizing language.
