Gradients in excitability generate hippocampal waves and shape their interactions with cortex

Travelling waves are a prominent feature of hippocampal activity, but the mechanisms determining their propagation and influence on the cerebral cortex remain unclear. Using a biophysically-grounded model of neural activity evolving across hippocampal and cortical surfaces, we show that spatial gradients in external in-put or neural excitability are a sufficient mechanism for the emergence of travelling waves along the long axis of the hippocampus. These waves emerge only above a critical gradient threshold, propagate with biologically-plausible velocities and exhibit frequency-dependent reversals in direction across slow and fast theta regimes. When coupled to the cerebral cortex, anterior-to-posterior hippocampal waves selectively reorganise globally synchronous cortical activity into metastable travelling waves, whereas posterior-to-anterior hippocampal waves do not, revealing a directional asymmetry in hippocampal–cortical communication. Conversely, cortical waves aligned with large-scale functional gradients induce structured hippocampal waves, revealing complementary direction specific effects across the two systems. These analyses identify structured excitability gradients as a principle governing wave propagation in the hippocampus and suggest how wave-to-wave interactions may coordinate complex cortical and hippocampal interactions during mnemonic and perceptual processes.