Geospatial Analysis of Antenatal Care Utilization and Its Determinants Among Women in Ghana: Evidence from 2022 Demographic and Health Survey
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Background
Antenatal care (ANC) utilization is critical for improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Despite the World Health Organization’s recommendation of at least eight ANC contacts during pregnancy and the implementation of free maternal healthcare policies in Ghana, significant geographic and socioeconomic disparities in ANC utilization persist. This study therefore assessed the spatial distribution and geographically varying determinants of adequate ANC utilization among women in Ghana.
Methods
A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using women’s data from the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. The analysis included women aged 15–49 years with an index child younger than five years preceding the survey. Descriptive statistics were computed using Stata version 18, while spatial analyses were conducted in QGIS version 3.44. Global Moran’s I was used to assess spatial autocorrelation, whereas Local Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi* analyses identified spatial clusters, hotspots, and coldspots of ANC utilization. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models were fitted to assess global and local determinants of ANC utilization.
Results
Overall, only 26.0% of women achieved adequate ANC utilization, while 74.0% reported inadequate ANC attendance. Adequate ANC utilization was higher among women with higher education (42.0%) and those from the richest households (41.3%) compared with women without formal education (19.1%) and those from the poorest households (17.6%). Regional disparities were observed, with Western (48.8%), Eastern (48.0%), and Greater Accra (47.3%) regions recording the highest ANC utilization, whereas Savannah (24.7%), Northern (25.8%), and North East (26.8%) regions recorded the lowest utilization levels. Global Moran’s I demonstrated significant positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I = 0.457, p = 0.044), indicating geographic clustering of ANC utilization across Ghana. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identified significant coldspots within Northern, Savannah, and North East regions, while Central Region demonstrated significant hotspot clustering. OLS regression showed that maternal education (β = 0.284, p = 0.003) and household wealth (β = 0.191, p = 0.011) positively influenced ANC utilization, whereas distance to health facility negatively influenced utilization (β = -0.156, p = 0.019). The GWR model demonstrated improved explanatory performance (Adjusted R² = 0.71), confirming substantial spatial heterogeneity in ANC determinants across Ghana.
Conclusion
Adequate ANC utilization in Ghana remains low and geographically unequal. Maternal education, household wealth, and geographic accessibility significantly influence ANC utilization, with pronounced disparities concentrated within Northern Ghana. Spatially targeted maternal health interventions aimed at improving education, reducing socioeconomic inequalities, and enhancing healthcare accessibility are required to improve equitable ANC utilization across Ghana.
