Evolutionary Dynamics of Paramecium Mitochondrial Genomes

Ciliates are a diverse group of single-celled eukaryotes that can exhibit a wide range of genetic diversity within morphologically indistinguishable species. However, they are still not well studied as their mechanisms of speciation and the extent of diversification remain unknown. Mitochondrial genomes offer an effective framework for resolving species relationships and evolutionary changes. Here, we analyzed a globally sampled dataset of Paramecium to understand the evolution of mitochondrial genomes in ciliates. Phylogenetic analysis of linear mitochondrial genomes shows the presence of cryptic diversity beyond the P. aurelia complex, with P. bursaria lineage appearing as a deeply diverging out-group. Protein-coding genes are largely conserved, with limited rearrangements, and some ciliate-specific genes appear to be missing in P. bursaria . Population genetic analysis show little to no evidence of recombination along with substantial differences in effective population size across species. Patterns of molecular evolution also indicate purifying selection as the predominant force, the strength of which is at least as strong as in the nucleus and consistent with mitochondrial effective population sizes that are similar or larger than those of the nucleus. Across the functional groups, the electron transport chain and ribosomal genes are highly constrained, while ciliate-specific ymf genes show reduced efficacy of selection compared to the others. These findings offer a basis for connecting mitochondrial variation to evolutionary divergence, functional constraint, and speciation in microbial eukaryotes.