Dynamic partitioning shapes the in vivo organization of the E. coli RNA degradosome

The bacterial RNA degradosome is a central mediator of RNA turnover, yet how its components are organized and regulated in living cells remains unclear. Using live-cell single-molecule imaging, we quantified the spatial distribution and dynamics of the four major Escherichia coli degradosome components: RNase E, RhlB, PNPase, and enolase. These proteins occupied distinct membrane-associated and cytoplasmic pools whose relative abundance varied among proteins and changed with physiological state. In particular, PNPase underwent pronounced redistribution between membrane-associated and cytoplasmic states in response to altered RNA availability and growth conditions, whereas RNase E and RhlB remained largely membrane associated. To determine the functional consequences of this organization, we examined the degradation of lacZ reporter transcripts with different translation initiation strengths. PNPase and RhlB preferentially promoted degradation of weakly translated transcripts, whereas strongly translated transcripts were largely insensitive to their loss. Together, these results reveal that the bacterial RNA degradosome is not a static, uniformly assembled molecular machine. Instead, RNA decay is organized through dynamic intracellular partitioning of degradosome components, linking physiological state and translation status to transcript degradation.