A comparative analysis of urinary microbiome identifies putative probiotics

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent bacterial infections globally, and their management increasingly challenged by antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Probiotics offer a promising approach to mitigate AMR by competitively excluding uropathogens and enhancing host immunity by producing immune modulators. Despite being potential, key gaps persist between the discovery of uroprotective probiotic strains and optimization of formulations for urinary tract delivery. Here, we analyzed the urinary microbiome of UTI patients and healthy individuals to identify potential probiotic candidates for the prevention and management of UTIs. Publicly available 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data of the urinary tract were processed using a standardized pipeline for sequence quality assessment, taxonomic assignment, and microbial function prediction. Comparative analysis showed a significant shift in microbial composition between UTI patients and healthy controls. The dominated phyla identified included Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Campylobacterota, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteriota, Patescibacteria, Proteobacteria, and Synergistota. Overall differential abundance analysis revealed Escherichia coli as the predominant UTI-associated species, while Lactobacillus crispatus was enriched in healthy samples. Additionally, predictive functional analysis indicated that metabolic pathways associated with beneficial microbes were enriched in the healthy group. Overall, the study highlights the association of distinct urinary microbiome signatures with infection status, which supports L. crispatus as the most promising probiotic for UTI prevention and control.