Influence of distractors on spatial working memory and neural activity in marmoset prefrontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in maintaining working memory (WM) representations while filtering irrelevant distractors. In macaques, PFC neurons exhibit persistent delay period activity that is robust to distractor interference. The common marmoset has emerged recently as a complementary primate model for investigating the neural basis of cognitive processes including WM, in part because the relatively lissencephalic cortex of this species enables laminar recordings which could provide substantial insight into the microcircuit basis of these functions. It remains unknown however, whether marmoset WM performance is robust to distractors presented during delay periods of WM tasks, and how such distractor filtering may be implemented in PFC circuits. Here, we addressed this gap by conducting wireless recordings of PFC in freely moving marmosets performing a touchscreen-based delayed-match-to-location (DML) task in which a salient visual distractor was presented during the delay period on a subset of trials. Marmosets maintained WM performance on distractor trials, showing a decrease in accuracy of only 5%. Consistent with prior observations in both the macaque and marmoset models, we found that many PFC neurons exhibited activity related to the stimulus sample, during the delay period, and around the time of the behavioural response. In a subset of neurons, we observed distractor-mediated modulations of persistent delay period activity which were associated with a greater incidence of performance errors on the DML task. These findings reveal that marmoset WM is robust to distractor interference, and that the PFC mechanisms instantiating WM and distractor filtering are conserved in this primate species. Taken together, they support the common marmoset as a complementary model for investigating the contribution of PFC circuits to mnemonic and attentional processes.